Announcement 2025 No. 70 suspended several October 2025 announcements, including the rule on foreign-made items containing Chinese rare earths, until this date. What applies afterwards has to be checked on the Ministry of Commerce site.
The suspension runs from 2026-03-01 to 2026-12-31. Without an extension the 100% and 25% additional tariffs return. Canola oil, pork and other seafood were never covered.
The duty took effect on 2026-03-01. It can be extended after a sunset review.
Timeline
2026
Security
Canada joins US and Philippine forces in a South China Sea maritime activity
The Department of National Defence stated on 2026-09-14 that HMCS Regina and its CH-148 helicopter took part in a Multilateral Maritime Cooperative Activity with the Philippines and the United States inside the Philippines' Exclusive Economic Zone on 2026-09-11.
Why it matters to business: Indirect for business: one week after the defence dialogue, Canada's operational posture remains aligned with the United States and regional partners, not with China.
Parliamentary Secretary Hogan attends the APEC Energy Ministers' Meeting in China
Natural Resources Canada says that from 2026-09-08 to 2026-09-11 Canada had its first political-level representation at the APEC Energy Ministers' Meeting in more than 10 years, with meetings in Shanghai and Beijing. It also says China takes approximately 60% of the seaborne crude exports from the Trans Mountain Expansion.
Why it matters to business: Crude oil, LNG and LPG exported to China and the rest of Asia.
Canada and China hold their first Defence Coordination Dialogue since 2018
In September 2026 Canada and China held their first Defence Coordination Dialogue since 2018, in Ottawa. China's defence ministry said both sides expressed willingness to strengthen practical exchanges between the two militaries. Canada's defence department described the meeting as working-level military-to-military communication and said defence is not an area where it will seek deeper cooperation with China; its statement was given to media and no Government of Canada web publication exists, so news reports are listed for the Canadian wording.
Why it matters to business: Indirect for business: a risk-management channel, not a commercial or defence-industrial opening; defence trade with China remains closed.
Global Affairs Canada's country page (modified 2026-09-14) reports 2025 two-way merchandise trade of $125.6 billion and Canadian exports to China of $35.0 billion, up 16.8%. A report by the Canada China Business Council and the University of Alberta China Institute, based on Statistics Canada data and covered by CBC, shows first-half 2026 exports to China up 30.1% to $21.74 billion and imports down 5.8% to $44.86 billion, with energy and minerals at 58.4% of domestic exports. No official page with the first-half 2026 figures was found, so a news report is listed for them.
Why it matters to business: Energy (crude oil, propane), copper and other ores, and canola exported to China: the growth is led by resources.
EV quota: second six-month period opens after an under-used first period
Notice to Importers No. 1168 (2026-08-29) sets the second period of Quota Year 1 (2026-09-01 to 2027-02-28) at 24,500 vehicles plus any unused volumes from the first period. Official utilization data updated on 2026-09-11 show 15,603 permits used in the first period, leaving 8,897 unused, and 15,763 of 49,000 used for the year to date. Of first-period imports, 7,805 were battery-electric passenger vehicles valued at $35,000 or less.
Why it matters to business: Auto importers, dealers and fleet buyers: the quota is not yet the binding constraint; certification and distribution are.
Operation North Pacific Guard 2026 results (fisheries enforcement)
Fisheries and Oceans Canada reported 30 high-seas inspections and 52 potential violations found at sea plus 21 from air patrols. The partners named are the Fisheries Agency of Japan, the US Coast Guard, NOAA and the Korea Coast Guard; China is not named as a partner or as a flag state in the release.
Why it matters to business: Seafood sector, rules enforcement on the high seas: this is not a Canada-China cooperation activity.
According to China's Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Wang Yi said bilateral trade grew 16% year on year in the first half of 2026 and Canadian exports to China rose 23.3% (Chinese customs basis), that Canadian canola and beef have returned to the Chinese market and that Chinese electric vehicles have entered the Canadian market. Anand is quoted as ready to deepen cooperation in energy, trade, finance and drug control. No Canadian readout was located.
Why it matters to business: Energy, agri-food and finance: the third foreign minister contact of 2026.
On 2026-07-20 Prime Minister Carney said the United States had announced its intention to impose a new 50% tariff on a significant number of Canadian goods. On 2026-08-21 he said he had decided to suspend trade negotiations with the United States, that the United States intended to impose a 50% tariff on roughly $28 billion of Canadian goods, and that Canada will match those tariffs dollar for dollar.
Why it matters to business: All exporters: this is the main driver of Ottawa's push to diversify trade toward China and the Indo-Pacific.
CUSMA joint review held with no extension announced; Chinese ambassador's Taiwan warning published
After the trilateral Free Trade Commission meeting, Minister LeBlanc said the parties agreed on the importance of continuing their discussions; the statement announces no extension, notes that CUSMA remains in force until 2036 and does not mention China. On the same day the Chinese Embassy published Ambassador Wang Di's Reuters interview, in which he said China hopes Canada can honour its one-China commitment with concrete actions and that China opposes parliamentarians' engagement with Taiwan.
Why it matters to business: All Canada-US trade: CUSMA's non-market economy provisions and US pressure limit how far Canada can open to Chinese autos and investment.
China's preliminary anti-dumping ruling on Canadian pea starch: 73.5% deposit
MOFCOM Announcement 2026 No. 25 made a preliminary finding of dumping and imposed provisional deposits of 73.5% on all Canadian pea starch (HS 11081900) from 2026-07-01. This is a preliminary determination, not a final one.
Why it matters to business: Pulse processing and plant-protein ingredients exported to China: new trade remedy actions continue despite the Roadmap language on avoiding unilateral measures.
Industry Minister Joly travels to China, then Japan, to meet EV makers
Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada announced that Minister Joly and Parliamentary Secretary Kody Blois would travel to China and Japan from 2026-06-14 to 2026-06-23 to advance commercial opportunities with appropriate guardrails. The Globe and Mail reported that she would meet BYD, Chery, Geely and Shanghai Launch Automotive and wants Canadian contract manufacturing for Chinese EV makers. No official release on the outcome of the trip was found, so the company-level details rest on the news report.
Why it matters to business: Auto assembly, parts suppliers and the battery supply chain: Chinese investment into Canada, joint ventures and contract manufacturing.
Culture Minister Miller in Beijing and Shanghai; Joint Committee on Culture meets
From 2026-05-25 to 2026-05-29 the second meeting of the Canada-China Joint Committee on Culture was held in Beijing. Two institutional memoranda were signed (Library and Archives Canada with the National Library of China, and the National Gallery of Canada with the National Art Museum of China), and both sides agreed to keep advancing a television coproduction treaty. A Canadian creative industries trade mission to China is planned for fall 2026.
Why it matters to business: Film, television, publishing, games and museums: Canadian creative exports to China.
Wang Yi visits Ottawa; new political and security dialogue mechanisms
In the first visit by a Chinese foreign minister since 2016, Wang Yi met Prime Minister Carney and held talks with Minister Anand. The Canadian readout says the ministers committed to annual foreign ministers' meetings under a new high-level Diplomatic and Strategic Dialogue, welcomed the resumption of the Political and Security Consultation mechanism and the re-establishment of the National Security and Rule of Law Dialogue, and that Anand raised consular issues, foreign interference, forced labour and human rights. Canada accepted China's invitation to be a country of honour at the 9th China International Import Expo; neither side's readout mentions defence or military cooperation.
Why it matters to business: All sectors: the CIIE in Shanghai in November 2026 is a major sales platform where Canada will be a country of honour.
HMCS Charlottetown transits the Taiwan Strait; China objects
The Department of National Defence confirmed to media that HMCS Charlottetown conducted a routine transit through the Taiwan Strait on 2026-05-22, completed on 2026-05-23. No web publication of that statement by the department was found, so news reports are listed. Asked about the transit on 2026-05-29, Chinese foreign ministry spokesperson Mao Ning said China firmly opposes acts that undermine China's sovereignty and security in the name of freedom of navigation.
Why it matters to business: Indirect for business: security friction continues alongside the trade thaw and is a live risk to it.
Transport Canada announced an incremental increase in passenger flights and up to 20 all-cargo flights per week, with reciprocal access to all points in each country. The release does not give the number of passenger flights.
Why it matters to business: Air cargo, perishables such as seafood, tourism and business travel, in both directions.
Trade Minister Sidhu in Haikou and Guangzhou; Canada is Guest Country of Honour at the Consumer Products Expo
From 2026-04-12 to 2026-04-16 Canada was Guest Country of Honour at the 6th China International Consumer Products Expo, with nearly 40 Canadian brands. Minister Sidhu met Vice Premier He Lifeng and Hainan Party Secretary Feng Fei and met Alibaba, JD, BYD, XPeng and GAC Group. Global Affairs Canada reports that 24 commercial agreements and memoranda of understanding were signed between companies.
Why it matters to business: Consumer goods, agri-food and e-commerce exports to China, and autos.
Public consultation on how to allocate the EV quota
From 2026-04-07 to 2026-05-01 Global Affairs Canada consulted on the allocation and administration of the electric vehicle import quota. Until further notice the quota remains first-come, first-served.
Why it matters to business: Auto manufacturers, importers and dealers: the allocation rules may change after the first quota year.
Finance Minister Champagne in Beijing: Financial Working Group launched
Minister Champagne, with the Governor of the Bank of Canada and the Superintendent of Financial Institutions, met Vice Premier He Lifeng and Finance Minister Lan Fo'an and launched the Canada-China Financial Working Group through a joint statement with People's Bank of China Governor Pan Gongsheng. He invited He Lifeng to Canada in the fall for the Economic and Financial Strategic Dialogue (EFSD); China's State Council site says both sides agreed to hold it in the second half of 2026.
Why it matters to business: Banking, insurance, asset management and pension funds: Canadian financial services in China, and access to the renminbi and bond markets.
According to China's Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the ministers discussed the Middle East and agreed to implement the results of the January visit and to resume dialogues at all levels. No Canadian readout was located.
Why it matters to business: General: confirms that dialogue mechanisms were being restarted.
Canada replaces the TikTok wind-up order with a conditional approval
After a further national security review, the government permitted TikTok Technology Canada's investment to proceed subject to new legally binding undertakings, including data access gateways, protections for minors, an independent third-party monitor and a continued Canadian presence.
Why it matters to business: Technology, digital advertising and creators: some Chinese-owned firms now receive conditional approval instead of prohibition, while the Hikvision order remains in place.
Five ministers confirmed that, effective 2026-03-01, China cut canola seed duties to 14.9% and suspended the tariffs on canola meal, peas, lobster and crab to the end of 2026. They also confirmed that China had resumed beef access for 20 establishments (2026-01-15) and access for bovine and porcine genetics, and that Canada had implemented the 49,000 EV quota and the steel and aluminum remissions.
Why it matters to business: Canola, pulses, seafood, beef, animal genetics and pet food exported to China, and autos imported into Canada.
China's final ruling on Canadian canola seed: 5.9% for five years
MOFCOM Announcement 2026 No. 14 set a definitive anti-dumping duty of 5.9% on all Canadian canola seed for five years from 2026-03-01, down from the 75.8% provisional rate. With the 9% MFN duty the combined rate is 14.9%. Deposits collected from 2025-12-14 to 2026-02-28 are refunded, and for 2025-08-14 to 2025-12-13 the excess over 5.9% is refunded.
Why it matters to business: Canola seed: Canadian exports to China reopened at a workable duty.
China suspends retaliatory tariffs on canola meal, peas, lobster and crab until 2026-12-31
MOFCOM Announcement 2026 No. 13 adjusted the anti-discrimination measures, citing the preliminary joint arrangement and Canada's adjustment of its steel and aluminum measures. The Customs Tariff Commission announced that from 2026-03-01 to 2026-12-31 the additional 100% tariff on Canadian oil cakes (canola meal) and peas and the additional 25% tariff on lobster and crab are not applied. The additional 100% on canola oil and 25% on pork and on other fish and seafood remain in force.
Why it matters to business: Canola meal, peas, lobster and crab exporters get time-limited relief; canola oil, pork and other seafood exporters still face the 2025 tariffs.
Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada states that two Canadian soybean exporters were suspended by China as of 2026-02-27, describes it as a technical issue related to plant health, and says other exporters continue to ship. The company names have not been published.
Why it matters to business: Soybeans exported to China: non-tariff, phytosanitary actions continue during the thaw.
Canada implements the EV quota and repeals the 100% EV surtax
By orders registered on 2026-02-24, Canada added Chinese-origin electric vehicles to the Import Control List, with a permit required from 2026-03-01, and amended the China Surtax Order (2024) to remove the EV surtax. CBSA Customs Notice 26-05 explains the permit requirement, and Notice to Importers No. 1162 set first-come, first-served rules for the first period. An earlier order, registered on 2026-01-30, expanded and extended the steel and aluminum surtax remissions.
Why it matters to business: Auto importers, dealers and manufacturers (only EV manufacturers or their Canadian-resident agents are eligible for permits), and steel and aluminum users in Canada.
China's Ministry of Foreign Affairs announced that from 2026-02-17 holders of ordinary Canadian passports may enter China without a visa for up to 30 days for business, tourism, family or friends visits, exchange and transit. The policy is effective until 2026-12-31.
Why it matters to business: All sectors: business travel to China needs no visa for stays of 30 days or less, but only until 2026-12-31 unless the policy is extended.
China's Supreme People's Court overturns Robert Schellenberg's death sentence
CBC, citing a Canadian official, reported that the Supreme People's Court struck down the death sentence imposed at Robert Schellenberg's 2019 retrial and sent the case back. No official publication was found; Global Affairs Canada's comment was given to media and not published.
Why it matters to business: Indirect for business: a consular signal that accompanies the thaw and is relevant to perceived travel risk.
US reaction: Trump threatens a 100% tariff; Carney says Canada will not pursue a free trade agreement with China
Between 2026-01-24 and 2026-01-26, President Trump threatened a 100% tariff on Canadian goods if Canada makes a deal with China, and Prime Minister Carney replied that Canada has no intention of pursuing a free trade agreement with China and that the arrangement is consistent with CUSMA. No official Canadian or Chinese publication of these remarks was found; they were made at a press conference and in a social media post, so the source listed is a news report.
Why it matters to business: Any Canadian exporter to the United States: sectoral tariff fixes with China are possible, but a free trade agreement is not, because of the CUSMA non-market economy clause.
Carney's official visit to Beijing: a new strategic partnership
From 2026-01-14 to 2026-01-17 Prime Minister Carney made the first visit to China by a Canadian prime minister since 2017 and met Xi Jinping, Li Qiang and Zhao Leji. A joint statement announced a Canada-China new Strategic Partnership with five pillars: energy, economic and trade cooperation, public safety and security, multilateralism, and culture and people-to-people ties. Canada reaffirmed its One China policy and set a goal of raising exports to China by 50% by 2030; none of the three official texts contains a defence or military cooperation item.
Why it matters to business: Energy, agri-food, autos, finance, forestry, tourism and culture, in both directions.
Preliminary Joint Arrangement on trade issues: EV quota, canola, seafood, steel remissions
Canada agreed to an initial country-specific quota of 49,000 Chinese electric vehicles a year at the 6.1% MFN rate, to extend to the end of 2026 and expand its steel and aluminum surtax remissions, to impose no new tariffs on Chinese solar products and semiconductors, and to review the arrangement after three years. China was expected by 2026-03-01 to cut the combined tariff on canola seed to about 15%, to exempt canola meal, lobsters, crabs and peas from the anti-discrimination tariffs until the end of 2026, and to speed up the resumption of access for beef, pet food and animal genetics.
Why it matters to business: Electric vehicles and the auto supply chain imported into Canada; canola, peas, lobster, crab, beef and pet food exported to China; steel and aluminum users in Canada.
Canada-China Economic and Trade Cooperation Roadmap
The Roadmap, agreed by Global Affairs Canada and MOFCOM, upgrades the JETC to a mechanism led by the trade ministers that meets at least annually, commits to an in-person Economic Partnership Working Group in Canada in summer or fall 2026, resumes the Intellectual Property Working Group and opens talks on resuming the Trade Remedies Working Group. Both sides say they will endeavour to avoid the imposition of unilateral measures in the future, commit to more direct flights and to a possible e-commerce memorandum, and welcome Canada as Guest Country of Honour at the 6th China International Consumer Products Expo. Canada notes that the CPTPP remains open to accession by economies that can satisfy the three Auckland Principles.
Why it matters to business: All goods and services trade, investment, intellectual property, air links and e-commerce, in both directions.
Energy memorandum of understanding and a Ministerial Dialogue on Energy
Minister Hodgson met National Energy Administration head Wang Hongzhi. The memorandum between Natural Resources Canada and the National Energy Administration covers energy policy dialogue, energy transition, conventional energy (oil and gas, LNG), and civil nuclear energy and uranium, and creates a Ministerial Dialogue on Energy.
Why it matters to business: Crude oil, LNG, LPG and uranium exported to China; battery, solar, wind and storage technology and investment from China into Canada.
Agriculture Minister MacDonald concludes a mission to China; China restores group tours to Canada
During a mission from 2025-10-27 to 2025-11-03, Minister MacDonald met China's customs minister Sun Meijun, agreed to renew the food safety memorandum of understanding between the CFIA and the GACC, and set up monthly technical working groups. On 2025-11-03 Canada welcomed China's reinstatement of Approved Destination Status for group travel to Canada.
Why it matters to business: Agri-food and seafood exports to China, and inbound tourism to Canada.
This was the first leader-level meeting since 2017. The Canadian readout says the leaders agreed that the meeting marked a turning point and directed officials to move quickly to resolve outstanding trade issues and irritants, naming canola, seafood and electric vehicles. Carney accepted an invitation to visit China.
Why it matters to business: Agri-food, seafood and energy exports to China, and electric vehicles imported into Canada.
The ministers discussed canola, seafood, meat and electric vehicles, and new and established mechanisms such as consular consultations and the law enforcement cooperation dialogue.
Why it matters to business: Agri-food exports and autos: the first foreign minister visit of the thaw.
Carney meets Premier Li Qiang at the UN General Assembly
The two leaders discussed canola, seafood and electric vehicles and, according to the Canadian readout, affirmed their interest in holding a subsequent leaders' meeting.
Why it matters to business: Agri-food and seafood exports to China, and autos imported into Canada.
China files a second WTO complaint on Canada's steel quotas and the melted and poured surtax (DS641)
China requested consultations on Canada's 50% over-quota steel surtax for partners without a free trade agreement and on the 25% surtax on goods containing steel melted in China or aluminum smelted in China.
Why it matters to business: Steel and aluminum importers and fabricators in Canada.
China's preliminary ruling on Canadian canola seed: 75.8% deposit
MOFCOM Announcement 2025 No. 40 made a preliminary finding of dumping and imposed provisional anti-dumping deposits of 75.8% on all Canadian canola seed from 2025-08-14. On the same day MOFCOM opened an anti-dumping investigation into Canadian pea starch (Announcement 2025 No. 41).
Why it matters to business: Canola seed exported to China: the deposit effectively closed the Chinese market to Canadian seed until March 2026.
Joint Economic and Trade Commission (JETC) meets in Ottawa
The JETC, the senior officials' trade mechanism, met in Ottawa in August 2025, the first substantive revival of the mechanism. Global Affairs Canada's country page records that the last JETC was hosted in August 2025 in Ottawa.
Why it matters to business: All goods trade in both directions: the JETC is the channel for raising market access irritants.
Canada adds a 25% tariff on steel melted and poured in China
Prime Minister Carney announced steel sector measures, including additional tariffs of 25% on steel imports from all countries other than the United States that contain steel melted and poured in China, and tighter tariff rate quotas for countries without a free trade agreement with Canada.
Why it matters to business: Steel and steel-containing goods imported into Canada, including goods shipped through third countries.
Canada orders Hikvision Canada to cease operations
Following a national security review under the Investment Canada Act, the Governor in Council ordered the wind-up of Hikvision Canada, Inc. and ordered it to cease all operations in Canada.
Why it matters to business: Security and surveillance equipment suppliers from China operating in Canada: national security screening continued during the thaw.
Canada files a WTO complaint against China's retaliatory tariffs (DS636)
Canada requested WTO consultations. A panel was established on 2025-06-23, and on 2025-08-20 the two countries agreed interim appeal arbitration procedures. Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada states that Canada and China have agreed to suspend the panel composition process for their respective WTO disputes while bilateral discussions take place.
Why it matters to business: Agri-food and seafood: litigation is paused in favour of negotiation, so relief depends on bilateral deals and not on a WTO ruling.
China imposes retaliatory tariffs on Canadian agri-food and seafood
China's Customs Tariff Commission (Announcement 2025 No. 3) imposed additional tariffs from 2025-03-20: 100% on Canadian canola (rapeseed) oil, oil cakes (canola meal) and peas, and 25% on aquatic products and pork. The notice cites Canada's surtaxes on electric vehicles, steel and aluminum as the cause.
Why it matters to business: Canola oil and meal, peas, pork, fish and seafood exported from Canada to China.
Final report of the Foreign Interference Commission (Hogue inquiry)
Commissioner Marie-Josee Hogue released the final report of the Public Inquiry into Foreign Interference in Federal Electoral Processes and Democratic Institutions, which examined interference by China among other states.
Why it matters to business: Indirect for business: foreign interference remains a standing item on the bilateral agenda and shapes the domestic politics of any engagement with China.
Canada orders the wind-up of TikTok Technology Canada
After a national security review under the Investment Canada Act, the government ordered TikTok's Canadian business to be wound up. The app itself was not banned. The order was later replaced by a conditional approval (see 2026-03-09).
Why it matters to business: Technology and digital advertising: Chinese-owned technology operations in Canada.
China opens an anti-discrimination investigation into Canada's measures
MOFCOM launched its first ever anti-discrimination investigation (Announcement 2024 No. 40), directed at Canada's surtaxes on electric vehicles, steel and aluminum and its restrictions on EV subsidies.
Why it matters to business: Canadian agri-food and seafood exporters: this investigation became the legal basis for the retaliatory tariffs of March 2025.
Canada announces a 100% surtax on Chinese EVs and 25% on Chinese steel and aluminum
Finance Canada announced a 100% surtax on Chinese-made electric vehicles effective 2024-10-01, on top of the 6.1% MFN tariff, and a 25% surtax on Chinese steel and aluminum products, which was announced for 2024-10-15 and came into force on 2024-10-22. EV incentive programs were restricted to vehicles from free trade agreement partners.
Why it matters to business: Autos, steel and aluminum imported from China into Canada; this measure triggered China's retaliation against Canadian agri-food.
Canada reports unsafe intercepts of a Canadian military helicopter over the South China Sea
The Canadian Armed Forces stated that on 2023-10-29 People's Liberation Army J-11 fighters conducted two unsafe intercepts of HMCS Ottawa's CH-148 Cyclone helicopter in international airspace, including launching flares directly in front of it.
Why it matters to business: Indirect for business: evidence that the military relationship has been adversarial, which matters for political risk assessment.
Canada orders three Chinese investors to divest from Canadian lithium companies
Under the Investment Canada Act, the government ordered Sinomine to divest from Power Metals Corp., Chengze Lithium to divest from Lithium Chile Inc. and Zangge Mining to divest from Ultra Lithium Inc.
Why it matters to business: Critical minerals and mining, Chinese investment into Canada: state-linked investment in critical minerals faces a very high bar.
Canada published its Indo-Pacific Strategy, which describes China as 'an increasingly disruptive global power' while committing to cooperate where necessary and to diversify trade across the region.
Why it matters to business: All sectors: this remains the published framework that treats China as both a major market and a risk, and it funds the naval deployments that include Taiwan Strait transits.
Canada bans Huawei and ZTE from its telecommunications networks
The Minister of Innovation, Science and Industry announced the intention to prohibit Huawei and ZTE products and services in Canada's telecommunications systems, including 5G and 4G networks, and to require the removal of existing equipment.
Why it matters to business: Telecom equipment imported from China into Canada: critical infrastructure is closed to Chinese vendors.
Meng extradition case ends; Kovrig and Spavor return to Canada
On 2021-09-24 the United States withdrew its extradition request, Canada's Department of Justice ended the proceedings and Meng Wanzhou left Canada. Michael Kovrig and Michael Spavor were released and returned to Canada on 2021-09-25 after 1,020 days of detention.
Why it matters to business: All sectors: the largest single political obstacle was removed, but trade mechanisms were not restored by this event alone.
Meng Wanzhou arrested in Vancouver; Michael Kovrig and Michael Spavor detained in China
Huawei executive Meng Wanzhou was arrested in Vancouver on 2018-12-01 on a United States extradition request. On 2018-12-10 Chinese authorities detained Canadians Michael Kovrig and Michael Spavor, which Global Affairs Canada describes as arbitrary detention. The bilateral relationship entered a freeze that lasted several years.
Why it matters to business: All sectors in both directions: ministerial trade mechanisms, defence dialogue and many market access files stalled, and the perceived personal risk of business travel to China rose.
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